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Informed by Evidence

Fava's general nutrition approach is informed by peer-reviewed research and widely recognized dietary guidance. The sources below reflect the research areas that inform how Fava thinks about food and wellness, organized by topic area.

Fava's scoring framework is physician-informed and informed by published dietary guidance and peer-reviewed research. Scores are educational — they help you think about how a food fits, they don't tell you what to eat.

General Nutrition & Preventive Health

  1. 1.WHO. Healthy diet fact sheet. 2026.
  2. 2.IARC Working Group. Red Meat and Processed Meat. IARC Monographs Vol. 114. 2018.
  3. 3.U.S. Surgeon General. Advisory on Alcohol and Cancer Risk. 2025.
  4. 4.Monteiro CA, et al. Ultra-processed foods. Public Health Nutrition. 2019;22(5):936-941.
  5. 5.Willett W, et al. EAT–Lancet Commission. The Lancet. 2019;393(10170):447-492.

Type 2 Diabetes

  1. 6.American Diabetes Association. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2026.
  2. 7.Sheard NF, et al. Dietary Carbohydrate in Diabetes Management. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(9):2266-2271.
  3. 8.Ley SH, et al. Prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. The Lancet. 2014;383(9933):1999-2007.
  4. 9.Jenkins DJ, et al. Glycemic index of foods. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1981;34(3):362-366.

Cardiovascular Disease & Hyperlipidemia

  1. 10.Arnett DK, et al. 2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on Primary Prevention of CVD. JACC. 2019;74(10):e177-e232.
  2. 11.Van Horn L, et al. AHA/ACC Dietary Pattern Recommendations. Circulation. 2016;134(22):e505-e529.
  3. 12.Mensink RP, et al. Effects of dietary fatty acids on lipids. AJCN. 2003;77(5):1146-1155.
  4. 13.Harris WS, et al. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Coronary Heart Disease. Current Atherosclerosis Reports. 2008;10(6):503-509.
  5. 14.Bailey DG, et al. Grapefruit–medication interactions. CMAJ. 2013;185(4):309-316.

Congestive Heart Failure

  1. 15.Heidenreich PA, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Heart Failure Guideline. JACC. 2022;79(17):e263-e421.
  2. 16.Arcand J, et al. Dietary sodium and health. JACC. 2021;77(21):2742-2745.
  3. 17.Fang J, et al. Dietary potassium intake and stroke mortality. Stroke. 2000;31(7):1532-1537.
  4. 18.Schwalfenberg GK. Vitamins K1 and K2. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2017.

Hypertension

  1. 19.Jones DW, et al. 2025 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults. JACC. 2025.
  2. 20.Sacks FM, et al. DASH Diet and Blood Pressure. NEJM. 2001;344(1):3-10.
  3. 21.Forman JP, et al. Dietary approaches to prevent hypertension. Current Hypertension Reports. 2009;11(6):426-431.
  4. 22.Omar HR, et al. Licorice abuse. Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2012;3(4):125-138.

GERD / Acid Reflux

  1. 23.Katz PO, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline for GERD. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2022;117(1):27-56.
  2. 24.Ness-Jensen E, et al. Lifestyle factors and reflux risk. British Journal of General Practice. 2016;66(650):e699-e706.
  3. 25.Kaltenbach T, et al. Lifestyle Measures in GERD. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2006;166(9):965-971.

Chronic Kidney Disease

  1. 26.KDIGO CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for CKD. Kidney International. 2024;105(4S):S117-S314.
  2. 27.Kalantar-Zadeh K, et al. Dietary restrictions in dialysis patients. Seminars in Dialysis. 2015;28(2):159-168.
  3. 28.Noori N, et al. Organic and inorganic dietary phosphorus in CKD. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2010;4(2):89-100.
  4. 29.St-Jules DE, et al. Misleading Dietary Advice for CKD. Journal of Renal Nutrition. 2016;26(3):145-148.

Hypothyroidism

  1. 30.Jonklaas J, et al. Guidelines for Treatment of Hypothyroidism. Thyroid. 2014;24(12):1670-1751.
  2. 31.Benvenga S, et al. Coffee and L-Thyroxine Absorption. Thyroid. 2008;18(3):293-301.
  3. 32.Chandra AK, et al. Goitrogenic content of Indian plant foods. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2004;119(5):180-185.
  4. 33.Messina M, et al. Soy and thyroid function. Thyroid. 2006;16(3):249-258.

Migraine Management

  1. 34.Ramsden CE, et al. Dietary alteration of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids for headache reduction in adults with migraine. BMJ. 2021;374:n1448.
  2. 35.Seng EK, et al. Lifestyle factors and migraine. Lancet Neurology. 2022;21(10):911-921.
  3. 36.Hindiyeh NA, et al. The role of diet and nutrition in migraine triggers and treatment: a systematic literature review. Headache. 2020;60(7):1300-1316.
  4. 37.Roldán-Ruiz A, et al. Dietary interventions in migraine: a systematic review. Nutrition Reviews. 2025;83(7):e1815–e1827.

Menopause & Perimenopause

  1. 38.Cano A, et al. The Mediterranean Diet and Menopausal Health: An EMAS Position Statement. Maturitas. 2020.
  2. 39.Nappi RE, et al. Menopause: A Cardiometabolic Transition. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022.
  3. 40.ACOG Committee. Management of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: ACOG Clinical Practice Guideline No. 2. Obstet Gynecol. 2022.
  4. 41.Walker MD, Shane E. Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. NEJM. 2023.
  5. 42.Anagnostis P, et al. EMAS Position Statement: Vitamin D and Menopausal Health. Maturitas. 2023.
  6. 43.Yao P, et al. Vitamin D and Calcium for Prevention of Fracture. JAMA Network Open. 2019.
  7. 44.Rizzoli R, et al. Dietary Protein and Vitamin D in Postmenopausal Women: ESCEO Consensus. Maturitas. 2014.
  8. 45.Deutz NE, et al. Protein Intake and Exercise for Optimal Muscle Function With Aging: ESPEN Recommendations. Clin Nutr. 2014.
  9. 46.Li J, et al. Dietary Protein Interventions and Body Composition in Postmenopausal Women: WHI Study. Int J Obes. 2026.
  10. 47.Dastmalchi LN, et al. Cardiometabolic Health in Midlife Women. JACC Adv. 2025.
  11. 48.Franco OH, et al. Plant-Based Therapies and Menopausal Symptoms: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2016.
  12. 49.ACOG Committee. Practice Bulletin No. 141: Management of Menopausal Symptoms. Obstet Gynecol. 2014.
  13. 50.Bolgova O, et al. Natural Strategies to Optimize Estrogen Levels in Aging Women. Front Aging. 2025.
  14. 51.Rondanelli M, et al. An Update on Magnesium and Bone Health. Biometals. 2021.
  15. 52.Groenendijk I, et al. Impact of Magnesium on Bone Health in Older Adults. Bone. 2022.
  16. 53.Camacho PM, et al. AACE/ACE Clinical Practice Guidelines for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis — 2020 Update. Endocr Pract. 2020.
  17. 54.Wei Y, et al. Effects of Dietary Supplements on Bone Turnover Markers After Menopause: Network Meta-Analysis. PeerJ. 2025.
  18. 55.Harak SS, et al. Navigating Nutrition Through the Decades: Tailoring Dietary Strategies to Women's Life Stages. Nutrition. 2025.
  19. 56.Capozzi A, et al. Calcium, Vitamin D, Vitamin K2, and Magnesium Supplementation and Skeletal Health. Maturitas. 2020.

Cooking Fats & Seed Oils

  1. 57.Nagra M, et al. Concerns About the Health Effects of Industrially Produced Seed Oils Are Without Scientific Foundation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2026.
  2. 58.Petersen KS, et al. Perspective on the Health Effects of Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Commonly Consumed Plant Oils. Br J Nutr. 2024.
  3. 59.Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2026 Dietary Guidance to Improve Cardiovascular Health: AHA Scientific Statement. Circulation. 2026.
  4. 60.Zhang Y, et al. Butter and Plant-Based Oils Intake and Mortality. JAMA Intern Med. 2025.
  5. 61.Zhao B, et al. Plant and Animal Fat Intake and Overall and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality. JAMA Intern Med. 2024.
  6. 62.Marklund M, et al. Biomarkers of Dietary Omega-6 Fatty Acids and Incident Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality. Circulation. 2019.
  7. 63.Maki KC, et al. Inverse Associations of Serum Total Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Linoleic Acid With Biomarkers of Inflammation. J Nutr. 2026.
  8. 64.Schulze MB, et al. Intake and Metabolism of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020.

Artificial Sweeteners & Non-Nutritive Sweeteners

  1. 65.WHO. Use of Non-Sugar Sweeteners: WHO Guideline. 2023.
  2. 66.Debras C, et al. Artificial Sweeteners and Cancer Risk: Results From the NutriNet-Santé Cohort. PLoS Medicine. 2022.
  3. 67.Debras C, et al. Artificial Sweeteners and Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases: Results From the NutriNet-Santé Cohort. BMJ. 2022.
  4. 68.Debras C, et al. Artificial Sweeteners and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Results From the NutriNet-Santé Cohort. Diabetes Care. 2023.
  5. 69.Suez J, et al. Personalized Microbiome-Driven Effects of Non-Nutritive Sweeteners on Human Glucose Tolerance. Cell. 2022.
  6. 70.Gonçalves NG, et al. Association Between Consumption of Low- and No-Calorie Artificial Sweeteners and Cognitive Decline: An 8-Year Prospective Study. Neurology. 2025.
  7. 71.McGlynn ND, et al. Association of Low- and No-Calorie Sweetened Beverages as a Replacement for Sugar-Sweetened Beverages With Body Weight and Cardiometabolic Risk. JAMA Network Open. 2022.
  8. 72.Marchitti SA, et al. Lack of Genotoxic and Carcinogenic Potential for Non-Sugar Sweeteners. Advances in Nutrition. 2025.
  9. 73.Wu W, et al. Sweetener Aspartame Aggravates Atherosclerosis Through Insulin-Triggered Inflammation. Cell Metabolism. 2025.
  10. 74.Fogel MN, et al. Aspartame and Its Potential Neurocognitive Effects in Humans. Nutrition Reviews. 2026.
  11. 75.American Diabetes Association. Standards of Care in Diabetes — Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors. Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Supplement_1):S89-S131.

Red & Processed Meat

  1. 76.Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2026 Dietary Guidance to Improve Cardiovascular Health: AHA Scientific Statement. Circulation. 2026.
  2. 77.Shi W, et al. Red Meat Consumption, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Eur Heart J. 2023.
  3. 78.Rockström J, et al. The EAT-Lancet Commission on Healthy, Sustainable, and Just Food Systems. Lancet. 2025.
  4. 79.Ungvari Z, et al. Association Between Red and Processed Meat Consumption and Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis. GeroScience. 2025.
  5. 80.Huang Y, et al. Red and Processed Meat Consumption and Cancer Outcomes: Umbrella Review. Food Chemistry. 2021.
  6. 81.Beckerman J, et al. Shifting Dietary Drivers of Colorectal Cancer Mortality in the United States: A 33-Year GBD Analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2026.
  7. 82.Zhong VW, et al. Associations of Processed Meat, Unprocessed Red Meat, Poultry, or Fish Intake With Incident CVD and All-Cause Mortality. JAMA Intern Med. 2020.
  8. 83.Wang M, et al. Dietary Meat, TMAO-Related Metabolites, and Incident CVD: The Cardiovascular Health Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2022.
  9. 84.Buffa JA, et al. The Microbial Gbu Gene Cluster Links CVD Risk Associated With Red Meat Consumption to Microbiota L-Carnitine Catabolism. Nat Microbiol. 2022.
  10. 85.Banjarnahor RL, et al. Umbrella Review on Food Groups and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome. J Nutr. 2025.
  11. 86.Zhang X, et al. Red/Processed Meat Consumption and Non-Cancer-Related Outcomes: Umbrella Review. Br J Nutr. 2023.

Eggs & Dietary Cholesterol

  1. 87.Carson JAS, et al. Dietary Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Risk: A Science Advisory From the AHA. Circulation. 2020.
  2. 88.Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2026 Dietary Guidance to Improve Cardiovascular Health: AHA Scientific Statement Statement. Circulation. 2026.
  3. 89.Drouin-Chartier JP, et al. Egg Consumption and Risk of CVD: Three Large Prospective US Cohort Studies, Systematic Review, and Updated Meta-Analysis. BMJ. 2020.
  4. 90.Dehghan M, et al. Association of Egg Intake With Blood Lipids, CVD, and Mortality in 177,000 People in 50 Countries. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020.
  5. 91.Formisano E, et al. Effect of Egg Consumption on Health Outcomes: An Updated Umbrella Review. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2025.
  6. 92.Zhong VW, et al. Associations of Dietary Cholesterol or Egg Consumption With Incident CVD and Mortality. JAMA. 2019.
  7. 93.Zhao B, et al. Associations of Dietary Cholesterol, Serum Cholesterol, and Egg Consumption With Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality. Circulation. 2022.
  8. 94.Drouin-Chartier JP, et al. Egg Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Findings From 3 Large US Cohort Studies and a Meta-Analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020.
  9. 95.Carter S, et al. Impact of Dietary Cholesterol From Eggs and Saturated Fat on LDL Cholesterol Levels: A Randomized Cross-Over Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2025.
  10. 96.Djoussé L, et al. Egg Consumption, Overall Diet Quality, and Risk of T2D and CHD: A Pooling Project of US Prospective Cohorts. Clin Nutr. 2021.

Saturated Fat & Dietary Fats

  1. 97.Virani SS, et al. 2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Chronic Coronary Disease. JACC. 2023.
  2. 98.Blumenthal RS, et al. 2026 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Management of Dyslipidemia. JACC. 2026.
  3. 99.Eckel RH, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC Guideline on Lifestyle Management to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk. JACC. 2014.
  4. 100.Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2026 Dietary Guidance to Improve Cardiovascular Health: AHA Scientific Statement. Circulation. 2026.
  5. 101.Sacks FM, et al. Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory From the AHA. Circulation. 2017.
  6. 102.Hooper L, et al. Reduction in Saturated Fat Intake for Cardiovascular Disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020.
  7. 103.Astrup A, et al. Saturated Fats and Health: A Reassessment and Proposal for Food-Based Recommendations. JACC. 2020.
  8. 104.de Souza RJ, et al. Intake of Saturated and Trans Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Risk of All Cause Mortality, CVD, and Type 2 Diabetes. BMJ. 2015.
  9. 105.de Oliveira Otto MC, et al. Dietary Intake of Saturated Fat by Food Source and Incident CVD: The MESA. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012.
  10. 106.Vogtschmidt YD, et al. Replacement of Saturated Fatty Acids From Meat by Dairy Sources in Relation to Incident CVD: EPIC-Norfolk. Am J Clin Nutr. 2024.
  11. 107.Fan B, et al. Dietary Fat Consumption and Cancer Outcomes: An Umbrella Review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2026.
  12. 108.Zhao B, et al. Plant and Animal Fat Intake and Overall and CVD Mortality. JAMA Intern Med. 2024.
  13. 109.Zhang Y, et al. Butter and Plant-Based Oils Intake and Mortality. JAMA Intern Med. 2025.
  14. 110.Carter S, et al. Impact of Dietary Cholesterol From Eggs and Saturated Fat on LDL Cholesterol Levels. Am J Clin Nutr. 2025.

Sodium & Blood Pressure

  1. 111.Jones DW, et al. 2025 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults. JACC. 2025.
  2. 112.He FJ, et al. Salt Reduction to Prevent Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. JACC. 2020.
  3. 113.Sacks FM, et al. Effects on Blood Pressure of Reduced Dietary Sodium and the DASH Diet. NEJM. 2001.
  4. 114.Neal B, et al. Effect of Salt Substitution on Cardiovascular Events and Death. NEJM. 2021.
  5. 115.Yang Q, et al. Impact of Sodium Intake on Blood Pressure, Mortality and Major Cardiovascular Events: An Umbrella Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2024.
  6. 116.Ma Y, et al. 24-Hour Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion and Cardiovascular Risk. NEJM. 2022.
  7. 117.Ezekowitz JA, et al. Reduction of Dietary Sodium to Less Than 100 Mmol in Heart Failure (SODIUM-HF): An International RCT. Lancet. 2022.
  8. 118.Heidenreich PA, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure. JACC. 2022.
  9. 119.Mills KT, et al. Sodium Excretion and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients With CKD. JAMA. 2016.
  10. 120.Morais S, et al. Salt Intake and Gastric Cancer: A Pooled Analysis Within the StoP Project. Cancer Causes Control. 2022.
  11. 121.Zhao G, et al. Global Burden of Gastric Cancer Attributable to Smoking and a High-Sodium Diet. BMC Gastroenterol. 2025.

Fermented Foods & Gut Microbiome

  1. 122.Wastyk HC, et al. Gut-Microbiota-Targeted Diets Modulate Human Immune Status. Cell. 2021.
  2. 123.Marco ML, et al. The ISAPP Consensus Statement on Fermented Foods. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021.
  3. 124.Companys J, et al. Fermented Dairy Products, Probiotic Supplementation, and Cardiometabolic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr. 2020.
  4. 125.Hill C, et al. Positive Health Outcomes Associated With Live Microbe Intake From Foods, Including Fermented Foods: NHANES Database. J Nutr. 2023.
  5. 126.Zheng S, et al. Association of Dietary Live Microbe Intake With All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in an Older Population: NHANES 2003-2018. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2025.
  6. 127.Zhu X, et al. Dietary Live Microbes Intake Associated With Biological Aging and Mortality. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2024.
  7. 128.Du Y, et al. High-Fat and Low-Fat Fermented Milk and Cheese Intake, Proteomic Signatures, and Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality. Eur J Nutr. 2025.
  8. 129.Del Rio B, et al. New Insights Into the Toxicological Effects of Dietary Biogenic Amines. Food Chemistry. 2024.
  9. 130.Wang Y, et al. Biogenic Amines in Fermented Foods: A Comprehensive Review. Food Res Int. 2026.
  10. 131.Weingarden AR, Ko CW. Non-Prescription Therapeutics. Am J Gastroenterol. 2024.

Coffee & Caffeine

  1. 132.van Dam RM, Hu FB, Willett WC. Coffee, Caffeine, and Health. NEJM. 2020.
  2. 133.Poole R, et al. Coffee Consumption and Health: Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses of Multiple Health Outcomes. BMJ. 2017.
  3. 134.Ungvari Z, Kunutsor SK. Coffee Consumption and Cardiometabolic Health: A Comprehensive Review. GeroScience. 2024.
  4. 135.Joglar JA, et al. 2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation. JACC. 2024.
  5. 136.Wong CX, et al. Caffeinated Coffee Consumption or Abstinence to Reduce Atrial Fibrillation. JAMA. 2025.
  6. 137.Ding M, et al. Caffeinated and Decaffeinated Coffee Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Diabetes Care. 2014.
  7. 138.Henn M, et al. Coffee Consumption, Additive Use, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Results From 3 Large Prospective US Cohort Studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2025.
  8. 139.Singal AK, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline: Malnutrition and Nutritional Recommendations in Liver Disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2025.
  9. 140.Zhang T, et al. Associations Between Different Coffee Types, Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Related Mortality. Am J Clin Nutr. 2024.
  10. 141.Zhang Y, et al. Coffee and Tea Intake, Dementia Risk, and Cognitive Function. JAMA. 2026.
  11. 142.Gao P, et al. Association Between Coffee and Caffeine Consumption and Chronic Kidney Disease. Sci Rep. 2025.
  12. 143.Muftah M, et al. Association of Coffee Intake With Risk of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Complications: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2026.
  13. 144.Freeman AM, et al. A Clinician's Guide for Trending Cardiovascular Nutrition Controversies: Part II. JACC. 2018.

Alcohol

  1. 145.Krist AH, Bradley KA. Addressing Alcohol Use. NEJM. 2025.
  2. 146.Piano MR, et al. Alcohol Use and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the AHA. Circulation. 2025.
  3. 147.Calonge N, et al. The Complexity of Research on Moderate Alcohol Consumption and Health. JAMA. 2025.
  4. 148.Morford KL, et al. Alcohol and Cancer Risk. JAMA. 2025.
  5. 149.Gapstur SM, et al. The IARC Perspective on Alcohol Reduction or Cessation and Cancer Risk. NEJM. 2023.
  6. 150.Sohi I, et al. Alcoholic Beverage Consumption and Female Breast Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2024.
  7. 151.Kassaw NA, et al. Alcohol Consumption and the Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: A Linear and Nonlinear Mendelian Randomization Study. Int J Epidemiol. 2024.
  8. 152.Biddinger KJ, et al. Association of Habitual Alcohol Intake With Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. JAMA Network Open. 2022.
  9. 153.Zhao J, et al. Association Between Daily Alcohol Intake and Risk of All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. JAMA Network Open. 2023.
  10. 154.Carr S, et al. A Review of the Relationship Between Dimensions of Alcohol Consumption and the Burden of Disease: 2026 Update Including Mendelian Randomisation Studies. Addiction. 2026.
  11. 155.Joglar JA, et al. 2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation. JACC. 2024.
  12. 156.Li X, et al. Alcohol Intake, Drinking Pattern, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Three Prospective Cohorts. Diabetes Care. 2025.
  13. 157.American Diabetes Association. Standards of Care in Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Supplement_1):S89-S131.
  14. 158.Danpanichkul P, et al. Alcohol-Attributable Cancer: Update From the Global Burden of Disease 2021 Study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2025.
  15. 159.Schutte R, et al. Drink Types Unmask the Health Risks Associated With Alcohol Intake: Prospective Evidence From the General Population. Clin Nutr. 2020.
  16. 160.Marques C, et al. Impact of Beer and Nonalcoholic Beer Consumption on the Gut Microbiota: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial. J Agric Food Chem. 2022.
  17. 161.Hernández-Quiroz F, et al. Influence of Moderate Beer Consumption on Human Gut Microbiota and Its Impact on Fasting Glucose and Beta-Cell Function. Alcohol. 2020.
  18. 162.Lankester J, et al. Alcohol Use and Cardiometabolic Risk in the UK Biobank: A Mendelian Randomization Study. PLoS One. 2020.
  19. 163.Kember RL, et al. A Mendelian Randomization Study of Alcohol Use and Cardiometabolic Disease Risk in a Multi-Ancestry Population From the Million Veteran Program. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2024.
  20. 164.Rehm J, Hasan OSM. Is Burden of Disease Differentially Linked to Spirits? A Systematic Scoping Review. Alcohol. 2020.
  21. 165.Esser MB, et al. Reducing Alcohol Use to Prevent Cancer Deaths: Estimated Effects Among US Adults. Am J Prev Med. 2024.

Fish & Omega-3 Fatty Acids

  1. 166.Rimm EB, et al. Seafood Long-Chain N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease: A Science Advisory From the AHA. Circulation. 2018.
  2. 167.Harris WS, et al. Blood N-3 Fatty Acid Levels and Total and Cause-Specific Mortality From 17 Prospective Studies. Nat Commun. 2021.
  3. 168.Mohan D, et al. Associations of Fish Consumption With Risk of CVD and Mortality Among Individuals With or Without Vascular Disease From 58 Countries. JAMA Intern Med. 2021.
  4. 169.Harris WS, et al. The Omega-3 Index and Relative Risk for Coronary Heart Disease Mortality: Estimation From 10 Cohort Studies. Atherosclerosis. 2017.
  5. 170.Harris WS, et al. Erythrocyte Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acid Levels Are Inversely Associated With Mortality and Incident CVD: The Framingham Heart Study. J Clin Lipidol. 2017.
  6. 171.Sheppard JP, et al. Effects of Eicosapentaenoic Acid vs Eicosapentaenoic/Docosahexaenoic Acids on Cardiovascular Mortality: Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. JACC Adv. 2025.
  7. 172.Hamaya R, et al. A Bayesian Analysis of the VITAL Trial: Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Cardiovascular Events. Am J Clin Nutr. 2025.
  8. 173.Bernasconi AA, et al. Effect of Omega-3 Dosage on Cardiovascular Outcomes: An Updated Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression of Interventional Trials. Mayo Clin Proc. 2021.
  9. 174.Marcus MD, Link MS. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Arrhythmias. Circulation. 2024.
  10. 175.Qian F, et al. Omega-3 Fatty Acid Biomarkers and Incident Atrial Fibrillation. JACC. 2023.
  11. 176.Wei BZ, et al. The Relationship of Omega-3 Fatty Acids With Dementia and Cognitive Decline: Evidence From Prospective Cohort Studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2023.
  12. 177.Satizabal CL, et al. Association of Red Blood Cell Omega-3 Fatty Acids With MRI Markers and Cognitive Function in Midlife: The Framingham Heart Study. Neurology. 2022.
  13. 178.Jiang H, et al. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biomarkers and Risk of T2D, CVD, Cancer, and Mortality. Clin Nutr. 2022.
  14. 179.Xu H, et al. Heavy Metal Risks in Aquatic Foods. Environ Int. 2025.
  15. 180.Mozaffarian D, Rimm EB. Fish Intake, Contaminants, and Human Health: Evaluating the Risks and the Benefits. JAMA. 2006.
  16. 181.Harris WS. Achieving Optimal N-3 Fatty Acid Status: The Vegetarian's Challenge...Or Not. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014.

Plant-Based Diets & Meat Alternatives

  1. 182.Wang T, et al. Vegetarian and Vegan Diets: Benefits and Drawbacks. Eur Heart J. 2023.
  2. 183.Capodici A, et al. Cardiovascular Health and Cancer Risk Associated With Plant Based Diets: An Umbrella Review. PLoS One. 2024.
  3. 184.Satija A, et al. Healthful and Unhealthful Plant-Based Diets and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in US Adults. JACC. 2017.
  4. 185.Etesami E, et al. The Association Between Overall, Healthy, and Unhealthy Plant-Based Diet Indexes and Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality. Food Funct. 2025.
  5. 186.Koch CA, et al. Vegetarian or Vegan Diets and Blood Lipids: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. Eur Heart J. 2023.
  6. 187.Qian F, et al. Association Between Plant-Based Dietary Patterns and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. JAMA Intern Med. 2019.
  7. 188.Lv M, et al. Effects of Vegetarian or Vegan Diets on Glycemic and Cardiometabolic Health in Type 2 Diabetes. Nutr Rev. 2025.
  8. 189.Aune D, et al. Vegetarian and Vegan Diets and Cancer Incidence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2026.
  9. 190.Amir S, et al. Adherence to Plant-Based Diets and Risk of CKD Progression and All-Cause Mortality: CRIC Study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2024.
  10. 191.Fernández-Rodríguez R, et al. Plant-Based Meat Alternatives and Cardiometabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2025.
  11. 192.El Sadig R, Wu J. Are Novel Plant-Based Meat Alternatives the Healthier Choice? Food Res Int. 2024.
  12. 193.Rockström J, et al. The EAT-Lancet Commission on Healthy, Sustainable, and Just Food Systems. Lancet. 2025.
  13. 194.Bakaloudi DR, et al. Intake and Adequacy of the Vegan Diet: A Systematic Review. Clin Nutr. 2021.
  14. 195.van Vliet S, et al. A Metabolomics Comparison of Plant-Based Meat and Grass-Fed Meat Indicates Large Nutritional Differences Despite Comparable Nutrition Facts Panels. Sci Rep. 2021.
  15. 196.Harnack L, et al. Nutrient Composition of a Selection of Plant-Based Ground Beef Alternative Products Available in the United States. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2021.
  16. 197.Crimarco A, et al. A Randomized Crossover Trial on the Effect of Plant-Based Compared With Animal-Based Meat on TMAO and CVD Risk Factors: SWAP-MEAT. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020.
  17. 198.Weschenfelder C, et al. Daily Consumption of Beef Compared to Plant-Based Meat for Eight Weeks Has No Effects on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Among Women With Low Iron Stores. J Nutr. 2025.
  18. 199.Cloward J, et al. Comparing Postprandial Inflammatory Responses to a Plant-Based Meat Alternative, Grass-Finished Beef, and Grain-Finished Beef. Am J Clin Nutr. 2026.
  19. 200.Toh DWK, et al. Plant-Based Meat Analogs and Their Effects on Cardiometabolic Health: An 8-Week RCT. Am J Clin Nutr. 2024.
  20. 201.Fu AS, et al. Micronutrient Intake and Status of Adults Consuming Plant-Based Meat Analogues or Animal-Based Meats as Primary Protein Source: An 8-Week RCT. Clin Nutr. 2026.
  21. 202.Barrantes-Espinola G, et al. Isocaloric Substitution of Animal Protein With Plant Protein and Its Impact on All-Cause, CVD, and Cancer Mortality. Clin Nutr. 2026.
  22. 203.Song M, et al. Association of Animal and Plant Protein Intake With All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality. JAMA Intern Med. 2016.
  23. 204.Salomé M, et al. Modelled Impacts of Substituting Meat and Dairy With Plant-Based Substitutes on the Risk of Nutrient Deficiency and Chronic Disease Mortality. Am J Clin Nutr. 2025.
  24. 205.Alotaibi M, et al. Comparison of the Protein Quality of Chicken and Plant-Based Chicken Analogues Using the INFOGEST In-Vitro Digestion System. Food Chem. 2026.
  25. 206.Domić J, et al. The Amino Acid Composition of Commercially Available Vegan Meat and Dairy Analogues. Br J Nutr. 2025.
  26. 207.Petersen T, Hirsch S. Comparing Meat and Meat Alternatives: An Analysis of Nutrient Quality in Five European Countries. Public Health Nutr. 2023.
  27. 208.Punetha P, et al. Micronutrients in Future Diets: Considerations for Dietary Iron and the Food Matrix Effects on Bioavailability. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2026.
  28. 209.Tucker AC, et al. Trends in Sodium Content of Meat-Based Versus Meat-Free Menu Items in 75 Large Chain Restaurants in the US, 2013-2021. Am J Prev Med. 2026.
  29. 210.Hennigar SR, et al. Effects of Consuming an Iron Supplement With a Meal Containing Animal or Plant-Based Meat on Indicators of Iron Status. Am J Clin Nutr. 2025.
  30. 211.Sheng S, et al. Residual Nitrite and Nitrate in Processed Meats and Meat Analogues in the United States. Sci Rep. 2025.
  31. 212.Biscotti P, et al. Sodium Content of Plant-Based Meat and Cheese Analogues: Comparison With WHO Benchmarks. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2025.
  32. 213.Cutroneo S, et al. Assessment of Protein Quality and Digestibility in Plant-Based Meat Analogues. J Agric Food Chem. 2024.
  33. 214.Zhou H, et al. Digestibility and Gastrointestinal Fate of Meat Versus Plant-Based Meat Analogs: An In Vitro Comparison. Food Chem. 2021.
  34. 215.Lee YQ, et al. Isocaloric Substitution of Plant-Based Protein for Animal-Based Protein and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in a Multiethnic Asian Population. J Nutr. 2023.
  35. 216.Reynaud Y, et al. True Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility and Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Scores of Plant-Based Protein Foods. Food Chem. 2021.
  36. 217.Cao X, et al. Evaluation of the Nutritional Quality of Yeast Protein in Comparison to Animal and Plant Proteins Using Growing Rats and INFOGEST Model. Food Chem. 2025.
  37. 218.Gupta A, et al. Jackfruit in Health and Disease: A Critical Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022.
  38. 219.Hodgkinson SM, et al. True Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility of Human Foods Classified According to Food Type as Determined in the Growing Pig. J Nutr. 2025.
  39. 220.Lemmens E, et al. The Impact of Steeping, Germination and Hydrothermal Processing of Wheat Grains on Phytate Hydrolysis and Iron and Zinc Bioavailability. Food Chem. 2018.
  40. 221.Shiha MG, et al. Global Prevalence of Self-Reported Non-Coeliac Gluten and Wheat Sensitivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Gut. 2025.
  41. 222.Biesiekierski JR, et al. Non-Coeliac Gluten Sensitivity. Lancet. 2025.
  42. 223.De Marco Castro E, et al. Beta-1,3/1,6-Glucans and Immunity: State of the Art and Future Directions. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2021.
  43. 224.Sun J, et al. Accumulation and Enrichment of Trace Elements by Yeast Cells and Their Applications. Microorganisms. 2022.
  44. 225.Natta S, et al. In-Depth Evaluation of Nutritive, Chemical Constituents and Anti-Glycemic Properties of Jackfruit Clonal Accessions. Food Chem. 2023.
  45. 226.Ren J, et al. A Comprehensive Evaluation of Epidemiological Evidence on Processed Meat Intake in Relation to Cancer, CVD, Metabolic Diseases and All-Cause Mortality: An Umbrella Review. Front Public Health. 2025.
  46. 227.Haile D, et al. Health Effects Associated With Consumption of Processed Meat, Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Trans Fatty Acids: A Burden of Proof Study. Nature Medicine. 2025.
  47. 228.Thompson AS, et al. Plant-Based Diets, Ultra-Processed Foods, and Risks of Mortality and Major Chronic Diseases: A Prospective Cohort Study. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2026.

Plant-Based Dairy & Egg Alternatives

  1. 229.Clegg ME, et al. A Comparative Assessment of the Nutritional Composition of Dairy and Plant-Based Dairy Alternatives Available for Sale in the UK. Food Res Int. 2021.
  2. 230.Wall RJ, et al. Macromineral and Trace Element Concentrations of Dairy Products and Plant-Based Imitations in the UK. Food Res Int. 2025.
  3. 231.Le Foll R, et al. Which Factors Impact Calcium Bioaccessibility in Dairy and Plant-Based Products During Static In Vitro Digestion? Food Res Int. 2026.
  4. 232.Marchese LE, et al. Modeling the Impact of Substituting Meat and Dairy Products With Plant-Based Alternatives on Nutrient Adequacy and Diet Quality. J Nutr. 2024.
  5. 233.Zeisel SH, et al. Concentrations of Choline-Containing Compounds and Betaine in Common Foods. J Nutr. 2003.
  6. 234.McClements DJ, Grossmann L. Plant-Based Eggs and Egg Products: A Review of Their Composition, Formation and Properties. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2025.
  7. 235.Guillin FM, et al. Real Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility of Pea Protein Compared to Casein in Healthy Humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022.
  8. 236.Reid-McCann RJ, et al. Effect of Plant Versus Animal Protein on Muscle Mass, Strength, Physical Performance, and Sarcopenia. Nutr Rev. 2025.
  9. 237.McKendry J, et al. The Effects of Whey, Pea, and Collagen Protein Supplementation Beyond the RDA on Integrated Myofibrillar Protein Synthetic Rates in Older Males. Am J Clin Nutr. 2024.
  10. 238.Mendes BR, et al. Effects of Plant- vs Animal-Based Proteins on Muscle Protein Synthesis. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2026.
  11. 239.Askow AT, et al. Impact of Vegan Diets on Resistance Exercise-Mediated Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2025.
  12. 240.Pinckaers PJ, et al. Higher Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates Following Ingestion of an Omnivorous Meal Compared With an Isocaloric Vegan Meal in Healthy Older Adults. J Nutr. 2024.
  13. 241.Weber C, et al. Nutrient Comparisons of Margarine/Margarine-Like Products, Butter Blend Products and Butter in the US Marketplace in 2020 Post-FDA Ban on Partially Hydrogenated Oils. Public Health Nutr. 2022.
  14. 242.Boeck T, et al. Nutritional Properties and Health Aspects of Pulses and Their Use in Plant-Based Yogurt Alternatives. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2021.
  15. 243.Kim D, et al. Fermented Food Microbiome: Influence on Oral and Gut Microbiota, and Human Health. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2026.
  16. 244.Lee JJ, et al. Nutritional Quality and Price of Plant-Based Dairy and Meat Analogs in the Canadian Food Supply System. J Food Sci. 2023.

Plant-Based & Dairy Milk Alternatives

  1. 245.Merritt RJ, et al. NASPGHAN Position Paper: Plant-Based Milks. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2020.
  2. 246.Wallerer S, et al. Impact of Plant-Based Drinks on Cardiometabolic Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr. 2026.
  3. 247.Rizzoli R, et al. Nutritional Intake and Bone Health. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021.
  4. 248.Erlich MN, et al. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials of Substituting Soymilk for Cow's Milk and Intermediate Cardiometabolic Outcomes. BMC Med. 2024.
  5. 249.Redan BW, et al. Analysis of Eight Types of Plant-Based Milk Alternatives From the United States Market for Target Minerals and Trace Elements. J Food Compos Anal. 2023.
  6. 250.Muleya M, et al. A Comparison of the Bioaccessible Calcium Supplies of Various Plant-Based Products Relative to Bovine Milk. Food Res Int. 2024.
  7. 251.Le Foll R, et al. Which Factors Impact Calcium Bioaccessibility in Dairy and Plant-Based Products During Static In Vitro Digestion? Food Res Int. 2026.
  8. 252.Bath SC, et al. Iodine Concentration of Milk-Alternative Drinks Available in the UK in Comparison With Cows' Milk. Br J Nutr. 2017.
  9. 253.Nicol K, et al. Micronutrient Fortification of Plant-Based Dairy and Seafood Alternatives — Changes Over a Five Year Period. Br J Nutr. 2026.
  10. 254.Nicol K, et al. The Impact of Replacing Milk With Plant-Based Alternatives on Iodine Intake: A Dietary Modelling Study. Eur J Nutr. 2024.
  11. 255.Ho HV, et al. The Effect of Oat Beta-Glucan on LDL-Cholesterol, Non-HDL-Cholesterol and ApoB for CVD Risk Reduction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Br J Nutr. 2016.
  12. 256.Wolever TMS, et al. An Oat Beta-Glucan Beverage Reduces LDL Cholesterol and CVD Risk in Men and Women With Borderline High Cholesterol. J Nutr. 2021.
  13. 257.Pieterse E, et al. Comparative Proximate Analysis and Nutrient Labelling Compliance of Cow Milk and Plant-Based Milk Alternatives. Food Chem. 2025.
  14. 258.Wall RJ, et al. Macromineral and Trace Element Concentrations in Conventional and Organic Milk and Plant-Based Beverages in the UK. Food Chem. 2025.

Mycoprotein & Plant-Based Seafood

  1. 259.Monteyne AJ, et al. Mycoprotein Ingestion Stimulates Protein Synthesis Rates to a Greater Extent Than Milk Protein in Rested and Exercised Skeletal Muscle. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020.
  2. 260.Shahid M, et al. The Effect of Mycoprotein Intake on Biomarkers of Human Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2023.
  3. 261.Pavis GF, et al. A Four-Week Dietary Intervention With Mycoprotein-Containing Food Products Reduces Serum Cholesterol in Community-Dwelling Overweight Adults. Clin Nutr. 2024.
  4. 262.Farsi DN, et al. The Effects of Substituting Red and Processed Meat for Mycoprotein on Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Risk: Mycomeat. Eur J Nutr. 2023.
  5. 263.Farsi DN, et al. Substituting Meat for Mycoprotein Reduces Genotoxicity and Increases Beneficial Microbes in the Gut: Mycomeat. Eur J Nutr. 2023.
  6. 264.West S, et al. Ingestion of Mycoprotein, Pea Protein, and Their Blend Support Comparable Postexercise Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Rates. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2023.
  7. 265.Jacobson MF, DePorter J. Self-Reported Adverse Reactions Associated With Mycoprotein (Quorn-Brand) Containing Foods. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2018.
  8. 266.Boukid F, et al. Seafood Alternatives: Assessing the Nutritional Profile of Products Sold in the Global Market. Eur Food Res Technol. 2022.
  9. 267.Harris W, et al. Dietary and Erythrocyte PUFAs in Vegan, Lacto-Ovo Vegetarian, Pesco-Vegetarian, and Non-Vegetarian Participants of the Adventist Health Study-2. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essent Fatty Acids. 2025.
  10. 268.Lane KE, et al. Bioavailability and Conversion of Plant Based Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids: A Scoping Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2021.
  11. 269.Xu H, et al. Heavy Metal Risks in Aquatic Foods. Environ Int. 2025.
  12. 270.Kumar A, et al. Unveiling the Role and Mechanism of Mycoprotein for Reducing Cardiovascular Risk. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2025.

Whole Grains & Refined Grains

  1. 271.Aune D, et al. Whole Grain Consumption and Risk of CVD, Cancer, and All Cause and Cause Specific Mortality: Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. BMJ. 2016.
  2. 272.Reynolds A, et al. Carbohydrate Quality and Human Health: A Series of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Lancet. 2019.
  3. 273.Zong G, et al. Whole Grain Intake and Mortality From All Causes, CVD, and Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Circulation. 2016.
  4. 274.Huang H, et al. The Impact of Whole Grain Consumption on Metabolic Health: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of RCTs. Food Funct. 2025.
  5. 275.Liu H, et al. Estimating Effects of Whole Grain Consumption on Type 2 Diabetes, Colorectal Cancer and CVD: A Burden of Proof Study. Nutr J. 2024.
  6. 276.Swaminathan S, et al. Associations of Cereal Grains Intake With CVD and Mortality Across 21 Countries: PURE Study. BMJ. 2021.
  7. 277.Sawicki CM, et al. Whole- and Refined-Grain Consumption and Longitudinal Changes in Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: Framingham Offspring Cohort. J Nutr. 2021.
  8. 278.Roager HM, et al. Whole Grain-Rich Diet Reduces Body Weight and Systemic Low-Grade Inflammation Without Inducing Major Changes of the Gut Microbiome. Gut. 2019.
  9. 279.Monteiro CA, et al. Ultra-Processed Foods and Human Health: The Main Thesis and the Evidence. Lancet. 2025.

Ultra-Processed Foods

  1. 280.Monteiro CA, et al. Ultra-Processed Foods and Human Health: The Main Thesis and the Evidence. Lancet. 2025.
  2. 281.Vadiveloo MK, et al. Ultraprocessed Foods and Their Association With Cardiometabolic Health: A Science Advisory From the AHA. Circulation. 2025.
  3. 282.Lane MM, et al. Ultra-Processed Food Exposure and Adverse Health Outcomes: Umbrella Review of Epidemiological Meta-Analyses. BMJ. 2024.
  4. 283.Hall KD, et al. Ultra-Processed Diets Cause Excess Calorie Intake and Weight Gain: An Inpatient Randomized Controlled Trial. Cell Metabolism. 2019.
  5. 284.Dicken SJ, et al. Ultraprocessed or Minimally Processed Diets Following Healthy Dietary Guidelines on Weight and Cardiometabolic Health: A Randomized Crossover Trial. Nature Medicine. 2025.
  6. 285.Juul F, et al. Ultra-Processed Foods and Incident CVD in the Framingham Offspring Study. JACC. 2021.
  7. 286.Hatta-Langedyk J, et al. Ultraprocessed Food Versus Diet Quality in Relation to Cardiometabolic Health and All-Cause Mortality: NHANES 1999-2018. Am J Public Health. 2026.
  8. 287.Guasti L, et al. Ultra-Processed Foods, Lifestyle Management, and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Clinical Consensus Statement of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2026.
  9. 288.Scrinis G, et al. Policies to Halt and Reverse the Rise in Ultra-Processed Food Production, Marketing, and Consumption. Lancet. 2025.
  10. 289.Juul F, et al. Ultra-Processed Food Consumption Among US Adults From 2001 to 2018. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022.

Nuts & Seeds

  1. 290.Balakrishna R, et al. Consumption of Nuts and Seeds and Health Outcomes Including CVD, Diabetes, Cancer, and Mortality: An Umbrella Review. Adv Nutr. 2022.
  2. 291.Aune D, et al. Nut Consumption and Risk of CVD, Total Cancer, All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. BMC Med. 2016.
  3. 292.Bao Y, et al. Association of Nut Consumption With Total and Cause-Specific Mortality. NEJM. 2013.
  4. 293.Estruch R, et al. Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease With a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented With Extra-Virgin Olive Oil or Nuts. NEJM. 2018.
  5. 294.Sabaté J, et al. Nut Consumption and Blood Lipid Levels: A Pooled Analysis of 25 Intervention Trials. Arch Intern Med. 2010.
  6. 295.Martínez-Ortega IA, et al. Can Different Types of Tree Nuts and Peanuts Induce Varied Effects on Specific Blood Lipid Parameters? A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2025.
  7. 296.Guasch-Ferré M, et al. Nut Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. JACC. 2017.
  8. 297.Ni J, et al. Nut Consumption, Gut Microbiota, and Cognitive Function: Findings From a Prospective Study in Older Adults at Risk of Cognitive Decline. Age Ageing. 2025.
  9. 298.Lockyer S, et al. Walnut Consumption and Health Outcomes With Public Health Relevance: A Systematic Review. Nutr Rev. 2022.
  10. 299.Theodore LE, et al. Nut Consumption for Cognitive Performance: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr. 2021.
  11. 300.Godos J, et al. Effect of Brazil Nuts on Selenium Status, Blood Lipids, and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antioxidants. 2022.
  12. 301.Winther KH, et al. Selenium in Thyroid Disorders — Essential Knowledge for Clinicians. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2020.
  13. 302.Kunutsor SK, et al. Dietary Flaxseed: Cardiometabolic Benefits and Its Role in Promoting Healthy Aging. GeroScience. 2025.
  14. 303.Alasalvar C, et al. Specialty Seeds: Nutrients, Bioactives, Bioavailability, and Health Benefits: A Comprehensive Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2021.
  15. 304.Sala-Vila A, et al. Impact of Alpha-Linolenic Acid, the Vegetable Omega-3 Fatty Acid, on Cardiovascular Disease and Cognition. Adv Nutr. 2022.
  16. 305.Hossain L, et al. Hemp Seed as an Emerging Source of Nutritious Functional Ingredients. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2025.
  17. 306.Li H, et al. Nut Consumption and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Overweight/Obesity: A Meta-Analysis. Nutr Metab. 2018.

Legumes

  1. 307.Mendes V, et al. Intake of Legumes and Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2023.
  2. 308.Zargarzadeh N, et al. Legume Consumption and Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr. 2023.
  3. 309.Viguiliouk E, et al. Associations Between Dietary Pulses Alone or With Other Legumes and Cardiometabolic Disease Outcomes: An Umbrella Review. Adv Nutr. 2019.
  4. 310.Wu X, et al. A Legume-Enriched Diet Improves Metabolic Health in Prediabetes Mediated Through Gut Microbiome: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nat Commun. 2025.
  5. 311.Kim SJ, et al. Effects of Dietary Pulse Consumption on Body Weight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of RCTs. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016.
  6. 312.Han Y, et al. Adiponectin and 8-Epi-PGF as Intermediate Influencing Factors in Weight Reduction After Legume Consumption: A 12-Week RCT. Br J Nutr. 2022.
  7. 313.Nachvak SM, et al. Soy, Soy Isoflavones, and Protein Intake in Relation to Mortality From All Causes, Cancers, and CVD: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2019.
  8. 314.Sacks FM, et al. Soy Protein, Isoflavones, and Cardiovascular Health: An AHA Science Advisory. Circulation. 2006.
  9. 315.Jin S, Je Y. Nuts and Legumes Consumption and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2022.
  10. 316.Patel L, et al. Legume Intake and Cancer Risk in a Network of Case-Control Studies. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2024.
  11. 317.Messina V. Nutritional and Health Benefits of Dried Beans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014.
  12. 318.Özdemir A, Buyuktuncer Z. Dietary Legumes and Gut Microbiome: A Comprehensive Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2024.
  13. 319.Kheto A, et al. Anti-Nutritional Factors: Nutrient Interactions, Processing Interventions, and Health Aspects. Food Chem. 2025.
  14. 320.Ma G, et al. Legume Intake and Glycemic Control in Individuals With or at Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: Multi-Omics Insights. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2026.
  15. 321.Auer J, et al. Effect of Processing on the Protein Digestibility and Mineral Bioavailability of Legumes. Food Res Int. 2026.

Added Sugar

  1. 322.Yang Q, et al. Added Sugar Intake and Cardiovascular Diseases Mortality Among US Adults. JAMA Intern Med. 2014.
  2. 323.Huang Y, et al. Dietary Sugar Consumption and Health: Umbrella Review. BMJ. 2023.
  3. 324.Khan TA, et al. Relation of Total Sugars, Sucrose, Fructose, and Added Sugars With the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019.
  4. 325.Dennis KK, et al. Associations of Dietary Sugar Types With Coronary Heart Disease Risk: A Prospective Cohort Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2023.
  5. 326.Malik VS, Hu FB. Fructose and Cardiometabolic Health: What the Evidence From Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Tells Us. JACC. 2015.
  6. 327.Malik VS, Hu FB. The Role of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages in the Global Epidemics of Obesity and Chronic Diseases. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2022.
  7. 328.Malik VS, et al. Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis. Diabetes Care. 2010.
  8. 329.Semnani-Azad Z, et al. Association of Major Food Sources of Fructose-Containing Sugars With Incident Metabolic Syndrome. JAMA Netw Open. 2020.
  9. 330.Softic S, et al. Divergent Effects of Glucose and Fructose on Hepatic Lipogenesis and Insulin Signaling. J Clin Invest. 2017.
  10. 331.Schwimmer JB, et al. Effect of a Low Free Sugar Diet vs Usual Diet on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Adolescent Boys: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019.
  11. 332.Debras C, et al. Total and Added Sugar Intakes, Sugar Types, and Cancer Risk: Results From the Prospective NutriNet-Santé Cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020.
  12. 333.Moores CJ, et al. Systematic Review of the Effect on Caries of Sugars Intake: Ten-Year Update. J Dent Res. 2022.
  13. 334.McGlynn ND, et al. Association of Low- and No-Calorie Sweetened Beverages as a Replacement for SSBs With Body Weight and Cardiometabolic Risk. JAMA Netw Open. 2022.
  14. 335.Debras C, et al. Artificial Sweeteners and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the Prospective NutriNet-Santé Cohort. Diabetes Care. 2023.
  15. 336.Micha R, et al. Association Between Dietary Factors and Mortality From Heart Disease, Stroke, and Type 2 Diabetes in the United States. JAMA. 2017.
  16. 337.Zhang S, et al. Added Sugar Intake and Its Forms and Sources in Relation to Risk of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Br J Nutr. 2023.

Olive Oil

  1. 338.Ke Y, et al. Olive Oil Intake and CVD, Cancer, and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Food Funct. 2024.
  2. 339.Martínez-González MA, et al. Effect of Olive Oil Consumption on CVD, Cancer, T2D, and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Nutr. 2022.
  3. 340.Guasch-Ferré M, et al. Olive Oil Consumption and Cardiovascular Risk in US Adults. JACC. 2020.
  4. 341.Guasch-Ferré M, et al. Consumption of Olive Oil and Risk of Total and Cause-Specific Mortality Among US Adults. JACC. 2022.
  5. 342.Schwingshackl L, et al. Impact of Different Types of Olive Oil on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2019.
  6. 343.Takhttavous A, et al. The Effect of Different Types of Olive Oil on Glucose Control and Insulin Sensitivity: A GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of 51 RCTs. Nutr Rev. 2025.
  7. 344.Boronat A, et al. Olive Oil Phenolic Compounds' Activity Against Age-Associated Cognitive Decline: Clinical and Experimental Evidence. Antioxidants. 2023.
  8. 345.Del Saz-Lara A, et al. Association Between Olive Oil Consumption and All-Cause, Cardiovascular and Cancer Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Food Funct. 2024.
  9. 346.Bonfiglio C, et al. Protective Effect of Extra Virgin Olive Oil on Cancers, Gastrointestinal Cancers, and All-Cause Mortality: A Competing Risk Analysis in a Southern Italian Cohort. Cancers. 2024.
  10. 347.Ruggiero E, et al. Olive Oil Consumption and Risk of Breast Cancer: Prospective Results From the Moli-Sani Study and a Systematic Review. Eur J Cancer. 2025.
  11. 348.Milena E, Maurizio M. Exploring the Cardiovascular Benefits of Extra Virgin Olive Oil: Insights Into Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Biomolecules. 2025.

Berries & Flavonoids

  1. 349.Zhang L, et al. Consumption of Berries and Flavonoids in Relation to Mortality in NHANES, 1999-2014. J Nutr. 2024.
  2. 350.Bondonno NP, et al. Change in Habitual Intakes of Flavonoid-Rich Foods and Mortality in US Males and Females. BMC Med. 2023.
  3. 351.Wood E, et al. Wild Blueberry (Poly)phenols Can Improve Vascular Function and Cognitive Performance in Healthy Older Individuals: A Double-Blind RCT. Am J Clin Nutr. 2023.
  4. 352.Kimble R, et al. Dietary Intake of Anthocyanins and Risk of CVD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2018.
  5. 353.Pan J, et al. Effect of Dietary Anthocyanins on the Risk Factors Related to Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2024.
  6. 354.Tiwari V, et al. Effect of Dietary Anthocyanins on Biomarkers of Type 2 Diabetes and Related Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2024.
  7. 355.Calvano A, et al. Dietary Berries, Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes: An Overview of Human Feeding Trials. Food Funct. 2019.
  8. 356.Devore EE, et al. Dietary Intakes of Berries and Flavonoids in Relation to Cognitive Decline. Ann Neurol. 2012.
  9. 357.Bonyadi N, et al. Effect of Berry-Based Supplements and Foods on Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review. Sci Rep. 2022.
  10. 358.Jennings A, et al. Flavonoid-Rich Foods, Dementia Risk, and Interactions With Genetic Risk, Hypertension, and Depression. JAMA Netw Open. 2024.
  11. 359.Guney-Coskun M, et al. Frontiers in Gut Health: The Emerging Role of Berries in Microbiota Modulation and Gastrointestinal Diseases. Nutr Rev. 2026.
  12. 360.Wang Y, et al. Effects of Chronic Consumption of Specific Fruit (Berries, Citrus and Cherries) on CVD Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of RCTs. Eur J Nutr. 2021.
  13. 361.Stote KS, et al. Effect of Replacing Commonly Consumed Fruit in the United States With Berries in the USDA Healthy Dietary Patterns: A Modeling Analysis. Ann Med. 2025.
  14. 362.Onali T, et al. Berry Supplementation in Healthy Volunteers Modulates Gut Microbiota and Reduces Viability of Colon Cancer Cells Exposed to Fecal Water: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr Biochem. 2025.

Cruciferous Vegetables

  1. 363.Li YZ, et al. Cruciferous Vegetable Consumption and Multiple Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of 41 Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of 303 Observational Studies. Food Funct. 2022.
  2. 364.Li N, et al. Cruciferous Vegetable and Isothiocyanate Intake and Multiple Health Outcomes. Food Chem. 2022.
  3. 365.Connolly EL, et al. Cruciferous Vegetables Lower Blood Pressure in Adults With Mildly Elevated Blood Pressure: The VESSEL Study. BMC Med. 2024.
  4. 366.Connolly EL, et al. Cruciferous Vegetables Improve Glycaemic Control Compared to Root/Squash Vegetables: The VESSEL Study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025.
  5. 367.Zhang X, et al. Cruciferous Vegetable Consumption Is Associated With a Reduced Risk of Total and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011.
  6. 368.Mori N, et al. Cruciferous Vegetable Intake and Mortality in Middle-Aged Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study. Clin Nutr. 2019.
  7. 369.Lai B, et al. Cruciferous Vegetables Intake and Risk of Colon Cancer: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2025.
  8. 370.Zhang Y, et al. Bioactive Sulforaphane From Cruciferous Vegetables: Advances in Biosynthesis, Metabolism, Bioavailability, Delivery, Health Benefits, and Applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2025.
  9. 371.Felker P, et al. Concentrations of Thiocyanate and Goitrin in Human Plasma, Their Precursor Concentrations in Brassica Vegetables, and Associated Potential Risk for Hypothyroidism. Nutr Rev. 2016.
  10. 372.Di Dalmazi G, Giuliani C. Plant Constituents and Thyroid: A Revision of the Main Phytochemicals That Interfere With Thyroid Function. Food Chem Toxicol. 2021.
  11. 373.Paśko P, et al. Effect of Broccoli Sprouts on Thyroid Function, Haematological, Biochemical, and Immunological Parameters in Rats With Thyroid Imbalance. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018.
  12. 374.Aune D, et al. Fruit and Vegetable Intake and the Risk of CVD, Total Cancer and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2017.

Culinary Spices

  1. 375.Dehzad MJ, et al. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Curcumin/Turmeric Supplementation in Adults: A GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of RCTs. Cytokine. 2023.
  2. 376.Zhao J, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Curcumin Therapy for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2024.
  3. 377.Fusar-Poli L, et al. Curcumin for Depression: A Meta-Analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019.
  4. 378.El-Rakabawy OM, et al. Curcumin Supplementation Improves the Clinical Outcomes of Patients With Diabetes and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk. Sci Rep. 2025.
  5. 379.Crichton M, et al. Orally Consumed Ginger and Human Health: An Umbrella Review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022.
  6. 380.Tahergorabi Z, et al. Treatment of Nausea and Vomiting With Zingiber Officinale in Pregnancy: An Umbrella Review. Phytother Res. 2026.
  7. 381.Crichton M, et al. Effect of a Standardized Ginger Root Powder Regimen on Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: A Multicenter Double-Blind RCT. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2024.
  8. 382.Lin CY, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Ginger on Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of RCTs. Cancer Nurs. 2023.
  9. 383.Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Khalili L. The Effect of Ginger on Improving Blood Lipids and Body Weight: A Systematic Review and Multivariate Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. Curr Pharm Des. 2022.
  10. 384.Paudel KR, et al. Pharmacological Properties of Ginger: What Do Meta-Analyses Say? A Systematic Review. Front Pharmacol. 2025.
  11. 385.de Moura SL, et al. Effects of Cinnamon Supplementation on Metabolic Biomarkers in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutr Rev. 2025.
  12. 386.Zelicha H, et al. Effect of Cinnamon Spice on Continuously Monitored Glycemic Response in Adults With Prediabetes: A 4-Week Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2024.
  13. 387.Jafari A, et al. The Effect of Cinnamon Supplementation on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adults: A GRADE Assessed Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of RCTs. J Health Popul Nutr. 2025.
  14. 388.Balkrishna A, et al. A Critical Appraisal of Anti-Hyperglycemic Mechanisms, Matrix-Dependent Bioavailability, and Species-Stratified Safety of Cinnamomum Spp. Food Res Int. 2026.
  15. 389.Wang YH, et al. Cassia Cinnamon as a Source of Coumarin in Cinnamon-Flavored Food and Food Supplements in the United States. J Agric Food Chem. 2013.

Fiber Supplements

  1. 390.Ramezani F, Pourghazi F, Eslami M, et al. Dietary Fiber Intake and All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Clin Nutr. 2024.
  2. 391.Reynolds A, Mann J, Cummings J, et al. Carbohydrate Quality and Human Health: A Series of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Lancet. 2019.
  3. 392.O'Grady J, O'Connor EM, Shanahan F. Review Article: Dietary Fibre in the Era of Microbiome Science. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019.
  4. 393.Eswaran S, Muir J, Chey WD. Fiber and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013.
  5. 394.Jovanovski E, Yashpal S, Komishon A, et al. Effect of Psyllium (Plantago Ovata) Fiber on LDL Cholesterol and Alternative Lipid Targets, Non-HDL Cholesterol and Apolipoprotein B: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of RCTs. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018.
  6. 395.Ghavami A, Ziaei R, Talebi S, et al. Soluble Fiber Supplementation and Serum Lipid Profile: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of RCTs. Adv Nutr. 2023.
  7. 396.Brum J, Ramsey D, McRorie J, Bauer B, Kopecky SL. Meta-Analysis of Usefulness of Psyllium Fiber as Adjuvant Antilipid Therapy to Enhance Cholesterol Lowering Efficacy of Statins. Am J Cardiol. 2018.
  8. 397.Moreyra AE, Wilson AC, Koraym A. Effect of Combining Psyllium Fiber With Simvastatin in Lowering Cholesterol. Arch Intern Med. 2005.
  9. 398.Vogel JH, Bolling SF, Costello RB, et al. Integrating Complementary Medicine Into Cardiovascular Medicine: A Report of the ACC Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005.
  10. 399.Lichtenstein AH, Khera A, Anderson CAM, et al. 2026 Dietary Guidance to Improve Cardiovascular Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2026.
  11. 400.Hartley L, May MD, Loveman E, Colquitt JL, Rees K. Dietary Fibre for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016.
  12. 401.Reynolds AN, Akerman AP, Mann J. Dietary Fibre and Whole Grains in Diabetes Management: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. PLoS Med. 2020.
  13. 402.Juhász AE, Greff D, Teutsch B, et al. Galactomannans Are the Most Effective Soluble Dietary Fibers in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2023.
  14. 403.Chang L, Chey WD, Imdad A, et al. AGA-ACG Clinical Practice Guideline: Pharmacological Management of Chronic Idiopathic Constipation. Gastroenterology. 2023.
  15. 404.van der Schoot A, Drysdale C, Whelan K, Dimidi E. The Effect of Fiber Supplementation on Chronic Constipation in Adults: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of RCTs. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022.
  16. 405.Chey WD, Hashash JG, Manning L, Chang L. AGA Clinical Practice Update on the Role of Diet in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Expert Review. Gastroenterology. 2022.
  17. 406.Lacy BE, Pimentel M, Brenner DM, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021.
  18. 407.Wang XJ, Nguyen LAB. "Functional" GI Conditions in the Older Adult: DGBIs and Beyond. Am J Gastroenterol. 2025.
  19. 408.So D, Whelan K, Rossi M, et al. Dietary Fiber Intervention on Gut Microbiota Composition in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018.
  20. 409.Nagy DU, Sándor-Bajusz KA, Bódy B, et al. Effect of Chicory-Derived Inulin-Type Fructans on Abundance of Bifidobacterium and on Bowel Function: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analyses. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2023.
  21. 410.Hughes RL, Alvarado DA, Swanson KS, Holscher HD. The Prebiotic Potential of Inulin-Type Fructans: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr. 2022.
  22. 411.Roberfroid MB. Introducing Inulin-Type Fructans. Br J Nutr. 2005.
  23. 412.Li J, Liu F, Luo Y, et al. Differential Effects of Inulin and Fructooligosaccharides on Gut Microbiota Composition and Glycemic Metabolism in Overweight/Obese and Healthy Individuals: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial. BMC Med. 2025.
  24. 413.Tawfick MM, Xie H, Zhao C, Shao P, Farag MA. Inulin Fructans in Diet: Role in Gut Homeostasis, Immunity, Health Outcomes and Potential Therapeutics. Int J Biol Macromol. 2022.
  25. 414.Arayici ME, Basbinar Y, Ellidokuz H. High and Low Dietary Fiber Consumption and Cancer Risk: A Comprehensive Umbrella Review With Meta-Meta-Analysis Involving Meta-Analyses of Observational Epidemiological Studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2025.
  26. 415.Veronese N, Gianfredi V, Solmi M, et al. The Impact of Dietary Fiber Consumption on Human Health: An Umbrella Review of Evidence From 17,155,277 Individuals. Clin Nutr. 2025.
  27. 416.Yin Y, Yang Z, Xie Y, et al. Low Dietary Fiber Intake as a Major Risk Factor for Colorectal Cancer: Evidence From Integrated Multidatabase Analyses. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2026.
  28. 417.Mirrafiei A, Jayedi A, Shab-Bidar S. Total and Different Dietary Fiber Subtypes and the Risk of All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Cancer Mortality: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Food Funct. 2023.
  29. 418.Jane M, McKay J, Pal S. Effects of Daily Consumption of Psyllium, Oat Bran and polyGlycopleX on Obesity-Related Disease Risk Factors: A Critical Review. Nutrition. 2019.
  30. 419.Bersani FS, Coviello M, Imperatori C, et al. Adverse Psychiatric Effects Associated With Herbal Weight-Loss Products. Biomed Res Int. 2015.

Probiotic Supplements

  1. 420.Weingarden AR, Ko CW. Non-Prescription Therapeutics. Am J Gastroenterol. 2024.
  2. 421.Su GL, et al. AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Role of Probiotics in the Management of Gastrointestinal Disorders. Gastroenterology. 2020.
  3. 422.Esmaeilinezhad Z, et al. Probiotics for the Prevention of Clostridioides Difficile-Associated Diarrhea in Adults and Children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025.
  4. 423.Goodoory VC, et al. Efficacy of Probiotics in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Gastroenterology. 2023.
  5. 424.Zhang WX, et al. Efficacy of Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Med Microbiol. 2023.
  6. 425.Zhao Y, et al. Probiotics for Preventing Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022.
  7. 426.Naseri K, et al. Beneficial Effects of Probiotic and Synbiotic Supplementation on Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Individuals With Prediabetes and T2D: A GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pharmacol Res. 2022.
  8. 427.Amini-Salehi E, et al. The Impact of Gut Microbiome-Targeted Therapy on Liver Enzymes in Patients With NAFLD: An Umbrella Meta-Analysis. Nutr Rev. 2024.
  9. 428.Nikolova VL, et al. Acceptability, Tolerability, and Estimates of Putative Treatment Effects of Probiotics as Adjunctive Treatment in Patients With Depression: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2023.
  10. 429.Asad A, et al. Effects of Prebiotics and Probiotics on Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety in Clinically Diagnosed Samples: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of RCTs. Nutr Rev. 2025.
  11. 430.Éliás AJ, et al. Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on the Gut Microbiota Diversity in Healthy Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of RCTs. BMC Med. 2026.
  12. 431.Merenstein D, et al. Emerging Issues in Probiotic Safety: 2023 Perspectives. Gut Microbes. 2023.
  13. 432.Waitzberg D, et al. Can the Evidence-Based Use of Probiotics Mitigate the Clinical Effects of Antibiotic-Associated Dysbiosis? Adv Ther. 2024.
  14. 433.Estevinho MM, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Probiotics in IBD: An Overview of Systematic Reviews and Updated Meta-Analysis of RCTs. United European Gastroenterol J. 2024.

Dietary Fiber & Fiber Supplements

  1. 434.Ramezani F, et al. Dietary Fiber Intake and All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Clin Nutr. 2024.
  2. 435.Reynolds A, et al. Carbohydrate Quality and Human Health: A Series of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Lancet. 2019.
  3. 436.Jovanovski E, et al. Effect of Psyllium Fiber on LDL Cholesterol and Alternative Lipid Targets: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of RCTs. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018.
  4. 437.Ghavami A, et al. Soluble Fiber Supplementation and Serum Lipid Profile: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of RCTs. Adv Nutr. 2023.
  5. 438.Brum J, et al. Meta-Analysis of Usefulness of Psyllium Fiber as Adjuvant Antilipid Therapy to Enhance Cholesterol Lowering Efficacy of Statins. Am J Cardiol. 2018.
  6. 439.Moreyra AE, et al. Effect of Combining Psyllium Fiber With Simvastatin in Lowering Cholesterol. Arch Intern Med. 2005.
  7. 440.Reynolds AN, et al. Dietary Fibre and Whole Grains in Diabetes Management: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. PLoS Med. 2020.
  8. 441.Juhász AE, et al. Galactomannans Are the Most Effective Soluble Dietary Fibers in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2023.
  9. 442.Chang L, et al. AGA-ACG Clinical Practice Guideline: Pharmacological Management of Chronic Idiopathic Constipation. Gastroenterology. 2023.
  10. 443.van der Schoot A, et al. The Effect of Fiber Supplementation on Chronic Constipation in Adults: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of RCTs. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022.
  11. 444.Chey WD, et al. AGA Clinical Practice Update on the Role of Diet in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Expert Review. Gastroenterology. 2022.
  12. 445.Lacy BE, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021.
  13. 446.So D, et al. Dietary Fiber Intervention on Gut Microbiota Composition in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018.
  14. 447.Nagy DU, et al. Effect of Chicory-Derived Inulin-Type Fructans on Bifidobacterium Abundance and Bowel Function: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analyses. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2023.
  15. 448.Arayici ME, et al. High and Low Dietary Fiber Consumption and Cancer Risk: A Comprehensive Umbrella Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2025.
  16. 449.Veronese N, et al. The Impact of Dietary Fiber Consumption on Human Health: An Umbrella Review of Evidence From 17,155,277 Individuals. Clin Nutr. 2025.
  17. 450.Li J, et al. Differential Effects of Inulin and Fructooligosaccharides on Gut Microbiota Composition and Glycemic Metabolism: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial. BMC Med. 2025.

Fatty Liver Disease (MASLD/NAFLD)

  1. 451.Rinella ME, et al. AASLD Practice Guidance on the Clinical Assessment and Management of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Hepatology. 2023.
  2. 452.Younossi ZM, et al. AGA Clinical Practice Update on Lifestyle Modification Using Diet and Exercise to Achieve Weight Loss in the Management of NAFLD: Expert Review. Gastroenterology. 2021.
  3. 453.Cusi K, et al. Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in People With Diabetes: The Need for Screening and Early Intervention. A Consensus Report of the ADA. Diabetes Care. 2025.
  4. 454.Tilg H, et al. Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Adults. JAMA. 2026.
  5. 455.Duell PB, et al. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Cardiovascular Risk: A Scientific Statement From the AHA. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2022.
  6. 456.Zeng XF, et al. The Role of Dietary Modification in the Prevention and Management of MAFLD: An International Multidisciplinary Expert Consensus. Metabolism. 2024.
  7. 457.Yaskolka Meir A, et al. Effect of Green-Mediterranean Diet on Intrahepatic Fat: The DIRECT PLUS Randomised Controlled Trial. Gut. 2021.
  8. 458.Properzi C, et al. Ad Libitum Mediterranean and Low-Fat Diets Both Significantly Reduce Hepatic Steatosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Hepatology. 2018.
  9. 459.George ES, et al. Association Between the Mediterranean Dietary Pattern and MASLD: A Longitudinal Analysis From UK Biobank. Br J Nutr. 2026.
  10. 460.Malik VS, Hu FB. Fructose and Cardiometabolic Health: What the Evidence From Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Tells Us. JACC. 2015.
  11. 461.Jensen T, et al. Fructose and Sugar: A Major Mediator of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Hepatol. 2018.
  12. 462.Zhao S, et al. Dietary Fructose Feeds Hepatic Lipogenesis via Microbiota-Derived Acetate. Nature. 2020.
  13. 463.Softic S, et al. Dietary Sugars Alter Hepatic Fatty Acid Oxidation via Transcriptional and Post-Translational Modifications of Mitochondrial Proteins. Cell Metab. 2019.
  14. 464.Cho YE, et al. Fructose Promotes Leaky Gut, Endotoxemia, and Liver Fibrosis Through CYP2E1-Mediated Oxidative and Nitrative Stress. Hepatology. 2021.
  15. 465.Singal AK, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline: Malnutrition and Nutritional Recommendations in Liver Disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2025.
  16. 466.Khalifa R, et al. Protective Role of Coffee in Chronic Liver Disease: A Focus on Processing. J Viral Hepat. 2025.
  17. 467.Kositamongkol C, et al. Coffee Consumption and NAFLD: An Umbrella Review and Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2021.
  18. 468.Kennedy OJ, et al. Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis: Coffee Consumption and the Risk of Cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016.
  19. 469.Vargas-Pozada EE, et al. Coffee for the Liver: A Mechanistic Approach. Biochem Pharmacol. 2025.
  20. 470.Yiannakou I, et al. Eggs, Dietary Choline, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in the Framingham Heart Study. J Nutr. 2025.
  21. 471.Sherriff JL, et al. Choline, Its Potential Role in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, and the Case for Human and Bacterial Genes. Adv Nutr. 2016.
  22. 472.Wallace TC, Fulgoni VL. Assessment of Total Choline Intakes in the United States. J Am Coll Nutr. 2016.
  23. 473.Kim SJ, et al. Omega-3 PUFA Supplementation and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Adults: A Meta-Analysis of RCTs. Clin Nutr. 2025.
  24. 474.Scorletti E, et al. Effects of Purified EPA and DHA in NAFLD: Results From the WELCOME Study. Hepatology. 2014.
  25. 475.Marti-Aguado D, et al. Low-to-Moderate Alcohol Consumption Is Associated With Increased Fibrosis in Individuals With MASLD. J Hepatol. 2024.
  26. 476.Magherman L, et al. Meta-Analysis: The Impact of Light-to-Moderate Alcohol Consumption on Progressive NAFLD. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2023.
  27. 477.Chang Y, et al. Nonheavy Drinking and Worsening of Noninvasive Fibrosis Markers in NAFLD: A Cohort Study. Hepatology. 2019.
  28. 478.Lei Y, et al. Review Article: Impact of Alcohol Consumption on the Development and Progression of MASLD. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2025.
  29. 479.Guo C, et al. Ultra-Processed Food Intake and Risk of Adverse Liver Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis. J Food Sci. 2025.
  30. 480.Zhao L, et al. Higher Ultra-Processed Food Intake Is Associated With Adverse Liver Outcomes: UK Biobank. Am J Clin Nutr. 2024.
  31. 481.Srour B, et al. Ultra-Processed Foods and Human Health: From Epidemiological Evidence to Mechanistic Insights. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022.
  32. 482.Sanyal AJ, et al. Phase 3 Trial of Semaglutide in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis. NEJM. 2025.
  33. 483.Loomba R, et al. Tirzepatide for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis With Liver Fibrosis. NEJM. 2024.
  34. 484.Verrastro O, et al. Bariatric-Metabolic Surgery Versus Lifestyle Intervention Plus Best Medical Care in NASH (BRAVES): A Multicentre RCT. Lancet. 2023.
  35. 485.Lassailly G, et al. Bariatric Surgery Provides Long-Term Resolution of NASH and Regression of Fibrosis. Gastroenterology. 2020.
  36. 486.Dasarathy S, et al. Vitamin E Dosing Study (VEDS) in Patients With MASLD With Elevated Aminotransferases: A Multicenter RCT. Hepatology. 2026.
  37. 487.Chee NM, et al. Vitamin E Improves Serum Markers and Histology in Adults With MASLD: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024.
  38. 488.Souza M, et al. Comparison of Pharmacological Therapies in MASH for Fibrosis Regression and MASH Resolution: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Hepatology. 2025.
  39. 489.Chen VL, et al. Resmetirom Therapy for MASLD: October 2024 Updates to AASLD Practice Guidance. Hepatology. 2025.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

  1. 490.Lacy BE, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021.
  2. 491.Ford AC, et al. American College of Gastroenterology Monograph on Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018.
  3. 492.Chey WD, et al. AGA Clinical Practice Update on the Role of Diet in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Expert Review. Gastroenterology. 2022.
  4. 493.Black CJ, et al. Efficacy of a Low FODMAP Diet in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Gut. 2022.
  5. 494.Khalighi Sikaroudi M, et al. Effects of a Low FODMAP Diet on the Symptom Management of Patients With IBS: A Systematic Umbrella Review With Meta-Analysis. Food Funct. 2024.
  6. 495.Staudacher HM, et al. A Diet Low in FODMAPs Reduces Symptoms in Patients With IBS and a Probiotic Restores Bifidobacterium Species: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Gastroenterology. 2017.
  7. 496.Eswaran S, et al. A Diet Low in Fermentable Oligo-, Di-, and Monosaccharides And Polyols Improves Quality of Life and Reduces Activity Impairment in Patients With IBS and Diarrhea. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017.
  8. 497.Algera JP, et al. Low FODMAP Diet Reduces Gastrointestinal Symptoms in IBS and Clinical Response Could Be Predicted by Symptom Severity: A Randomized Crossover Trial. Clin Nutr. 2022.
  9. 498.Ingrosso MR, et al. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Efficacy of Peppermint Oil in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2022.
  10. 499.Chumpitazi BP, et al. Review Article: The Physiological Effects and Safety of Peppermint Oil and Its Efficacy in IBS and Other Functional Disorders. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018.
  11. 500.Weerts ZZRM, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Peppermint Oil in a Randomized Double-Blind Trial of Patients With IBS. Gastroenterology. 2020.
  12. 501.Black CJ, et al. Efficacy of Psychological Therapies for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Gut. 2020.
  13. 502.Peters SL, et al. Randomised Clinical Trial: The Efficacy of Gut-Directed Hypnotherapy Is Similar to That of the Low FODMAP Diet for the Treatment of IBS. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016.
  14. 503.Anderson EJ, et al. Comparison of Digitally Delivered Gut-Directed Hypnotherapy Program With an Active Control for IBS. Am J Gastroenterol. 2025.
  15. 504.Chey SW, et al. Exploratory Comparative Effectiveness Trial of Green Kiwifruit, Psyllium, or Prunes in US Patients With Chronic Constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021.
  16. 505.Mou J, et al. Assessing the Efficacy of Functional Food as Treatment for IBS With Constipation: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Nutr Rev. 2025.
  17. 506.Van Der Schoot A, et al. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Foods, Drinks and Diets and Their Effect on Chronic Constipation in Adults. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2024.
  18. 507.Algera JP, et al. Randomised Controlled Trial: Effects of Gluten-Free Diet on Symptoms and the Gut Microenvironment in IBS. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2022.
  19. 508.Reding KW, et al. Relationship Between Patterns of Alcohol Consumption and Gastrointestinal Symptoms Among Patients With IBS. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013.
  20. 509.Wu S, et al. Coffee and Tea Intake With Long-Term Risk of IBS: A Large-Scale Prospective Cohort Study. Int J Epidemiol. 2023.
  21. 510.Whelan K, et al. Dietary Management of IBS: Considerations, Challenges, and Solutions. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024.
  22. 511.Cuffe MS, et al. Efficacy of Dietary Interventions in IBS: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025.
  23. 512.Nee J, Lembo A. Review Article: Current and Future Treatment Approaches for IBS-D and IBS Mixed Pattern. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2021.

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